Blunder in the Mountains
The Italian Invasion of Greece 1940
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Hitler's strategic plans required that the Balkans remain quiet. In the summer of 1940 German troops had secured the Rumanian oilfields, Bulgaria was pro-German and the Yugoslavian Prince Regent supported the axis. Even Turkish neutrality was being undermined. Yet it had been agreed that the Balkans would be in Mussolini's sphere of interest and the Italian dictator was jealous of Hitler's success.
The original Italian plan (known as Contingency G) was a limited territorial expansion into the Epirus region for which the nine Italian divisions in Albania were deemed sufficient. However, this was expanded in a second phase to the total occupation of Greece at a meeting only two weeks before the invasion at which the naval and air force chiefs were not even present. The Chief of the General Staff, Marshall Badoglio, who had previously indicated muted objections to the war, argued that 20 divisions would be required. Visconti Prasca asked for only three extra mountain divisions and some support units. Even these were to be fed in when the initial objectives had been achieved. His motives for refusing reinforcements can only be a matter for speculation. However, the fact that a more senior general might command a larger army, probably influenced his thinking.
For such a modest army to be successful required several favourable factors including; strategic and tactical surprise; a supporting invasion by Bulgarian forces; diversionary attacks on the poorly defended mainland; massive air support; and treachery in the Greek armed forces.
Unfortunately for the Italians the Greeks knew the approximate date of the invasion and King Boris of Bulgaria declined Mussolini's invitation to participate. This meant the Greek army was well established in the invasion area with the possibility of shifting reinforcements when Bulgarian neutrality became clear. No diversionary attacks were planned (even the island attacks were called off at the last moment) and a winter offensive coupled with negligible air planning minimised the value of Italian air superiority. Despite optimistic views expressed by commanders in Albania and substantial investment in bribes, there was no evidence that Greek forces would collapse due to internal dissent.
Order of Battle
There are conflicting sources on the precise OOB for this campaign and both sides had sound if different reasons to exaggerate the size of Italian forces. The Greeks to talk up the extent of their victory and Prasca to cover up his recklessness.
Italian Army (CinC Visconti Prasca)
Julia Alpini Division (Pindus Front)- 10800 men & 20 guns
Littoral Group (coast)(Two cavalry regs. and one reg. of Grenadiers) 4823 men & 32 guns
Arezzo Infantry Division (Yugoslav Front) - 12000 men & 32 guns
Venezia Infantry Division (Marching from Yugoslav front to XXVI Corps) 10000 men & 40 guns
Tsamouria Corps (General Carlo Rossi) (Epirus Front)
Ferrara Infantry Division - 12785 men & 60 guns +3500 Albanians
Siena Infantry Division - 9200 men & 50 guns
Centauro Armoured Division - 4037 men & 24 guns + 163 light tanks (90 serviceable)
XXVI Corps (General Gabriele Nasci) (Macedonian Front)
Parma Infantry Division - 12000 men & 60 guns
Piemonte Infantry Division - 9300 men & 32 guns
The Italian Corps were only established four days before the invasion
Greek Army (CinC General Papagos)
Epirus Front - 8th Division + Inf. Brig. - 15 battalions & 66 guns
Pindus Front - 3 reinforced battalions & 6 guns
Macedonian Front - 9th Division + 4th Inf. Brig. - 22 battalions & 90 guns
The Greek second line had a further seven battalions in position.
Italian 'standard' divisional organisation in 1940 was 2 (3 btn.) regiments usually with 2 Blackshirt battalions attached. Greek divisions had 3 (3 btn.) regiments. Artillery support was similar with 9 batteries. The Italians were better provided with light mortars and the Greeks had more MGs. Both the Italian and Greek divisions had limited AA and ATG provision. Supply services were poor on both sides although this was more vital to the Italians who had only 107 lorries in Albania out of an estimated requirement of 1,750.
In the air, the Italian Air force in Albania had 55 bombers and 107 fighters (more than half CR42 & 32's). They could also count on support from Brindisi in the form of 119 bombers, 20 JU87's and 54 fighters. The tiny Greek air force had only 27 bombers and 38 fighters serviceable. However, Italian air-ground co-operation was negligible with the Albania air commander, General Ranza being based in Tirana, many miles from army HQ. The supporting squadrons in Italy were not even in telephone contact.
Whilst exact comparisons are difficult even the Greek official history admitted local superiority on the Macedonian front. There was a modest Italian superiority on the Pindus and Epirus fronts. The main advantage on these fronts lay with tanks and aircraft, neither of which could be used to great effect. This meant that far from the two to one advantage Visconte Prasca thought he had, the opposing forces were fairly evenly balanced with around 150,000 Greeks facing 162,000 Italians. This was even before morale, supply and organisation are considered.
The Italian offensive was launched on 28 October in driving rain that deprived the army of air cover. Rapidly rising rivers and mud tracks resulted in slow progress with Greek screening forces falling back onto prepared positions.
On 6 November the Italian command was reorganised into two armies:
9th Army
Piemonte, Arezzo, Parma and Venezia Divisions in Western Macedonia.
Julia and Bari (diverted from cancelled Corfu attack) Divisions on the Pindus.
Tridentia Alpini Division in reserve.
11th Army
Ferrara, Centauro and Siena Divisions
To be reinforced by four divisions in preparation for an offensive after 5 December.
General Soddu subsequently replaced Visconte Prasca.
With the Italian offensive grinding to a halt Papagos shifted the 10th and 15th Divisions to the Macedonian front to join the 9th Division (III Corps). The Italians had dug in on the Devoli River with their backs to the Morava massif. 15th Division in the north made spectacular advances in freezing conditions around Mount Ivan whilst 9th & 10th Divisions pushed the Italians back off the mountains exposing the key valley town of Koritsa which was abandoned on the 21 November.
Italian reinforcements where thrown into the line piecemeal often without supporting arms and into a chaotic command structure. The loss of Koritisa and Erseke exposed the left flank of the 11th Army on the coast which was forced to retreat deep into Albania whilst being vigorously counterattacked by fresh Greek divisions. By 10 January the Klisura junction had been captured and Italian units only managed to stabilise the line south of the port of Vlone. Even this was due more to the lengthening Greek supply lines than effective Italian resistance. Marshall Cavallero replaced General Soddu.
The Greek strategy was now to capture Vlone then stabilise the line so that divisions could be redeployed to the Bulgarian front. It was becoming increasingly obvious that a German invasion was likely.
The Italians again reinforced up to a total of 28 divisions(4 Alpine, 1 Armoured and 23 Infantry) totalling 526,000 men. On 9 March their spring offensive used seven divisions in a limited attack between the Vijose River and Mount Tommorit. The 14 Greek divisions holding the Albanian front gave some ground until the attack was called off on 19 March after heavy casualties on both sides. This remained the position until April when the German invasion of the Balkans moved through the Pindus capturing Ioannina, sealing the Greek army in Albania.
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What If?
A Bulgarian invasion in conjunction with the Italian October offensive or later. King Boris would probably have agreed if Mussolini had made an earlier approach with Hitler's backing.
The involvement of Yugoslavia on either side.
The earlier arrival of Wilson Force (Two Commonwealth divisions and a tank brigade). The Greeks who were afraid of provoking Hitler refused this offer.
Conclusion
As Mario Cervi in his excellent account of the war put it "In the Greek campaign the Italian troops were, without any doubt whatever, the worst led troops in the world. They deserved better of their country."
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