Operation Torch and U-boats:
It is astonishing that these huge convoys had escaped the submarines that were lying in wait for them; this was partly due to the chance that a group of U-boats near the Azores had been drawn off in their savage pursuit of an unrelated convoy heading towards the UK from Freetown which lost 13 ships, and partly to the improved British marine signals security. Off the landing beaches the uncertainty created by the deception campaign led to the U-boats being drawn back to form a screen deeper into the Mediterranean.
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