If Gen Short and Adm. Kimmel would have had their forces on a higher level of alert (not full, just anything higher than what they were at) the damage done by the IJN would have been far less, and their losses higher.

Think if the AAF had a couple dozen of the P40's dispersed and on alert.

In the end, both were absolutely at blame. They chose the wrong strategy to follow for defense, and didnt have their units ready.